Laurence, you ask some fine fundamental questions, and I'm sorry that you haven't yet gotten a response. I don't have a quick answer either, or quick link, and there probably isn't a quick answer to your questions. However I can mention a couple leads.
You might have better luck presenting your field surveying question to this discussion group-
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/O-Map/
If you can find a copy of an old fashioned :-) book, Robin Harvey wrote a book entitled "Mapmaking for Orienteers" , published by the British Orienteering Federation, which still might be the best English language publication on the subject. Some sections are outdated, but the "Survey" section is still a good description of the fundamentals which I think you are asking about.
At a slightly advanced level, but online, the Australian O Fewderation has a publication entitled something like "How to map granite terrain" which I think is excellent, and with much broader application than the title might suggest. Sorry I don't have a link for you, but I'm betting an M15 could find it faster than I could. :-)